Table 3. This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Because agriculture is the primary source for . The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Risk and resilience in a new era. What is Ethiopia weakness? Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) image: . Ethiopia. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. The present study showed that the . Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Abstract. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. Monkeys, apes, rodents (rats and mice), and birds (e.g., Quelea quelea) are also causing severe crop losses in Ethiopia. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Nachtergaele et al. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Why poverty? IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 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